In postmenopausal women, hormone therapy does not reduce risk of death; it does increase cardiovascular events

Boardman HM, Hartley L, Eisinga A, et al. Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;3:CD002229.

Review question

In postmenopausal women with or without cardiovascular disease, does hormone therapy reduce the risk of cardiovascular events, such as clots in the veins or lungs, heart attacks, and strokes?

Background

Women are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease after menopause than before menopause. Hormone therapy is often used to control menopausal symptoms. It is thought that hormone therapy might also prevent cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women.

How the review was done

The researchers did a systematic review based on studies available up to February 2014.

They found 19 randomized controlled trials with 40,410 postmenopausal women (average age 64 years).

Key features of the trials were:

• women were relatively healthy (9 trials) or had cardiovascular disease (10 trials);
• hormone therapy included estrogen alone or combined with progestogen;
• hormone therapy was compared with placebo or no treatment; and
• health outcomes were measured 7 months to 10 years after treatment or placebo started.

What the researchers found

The quality of evidence was moderate to high.

Postmenopausal women with no previous cardiovascular disease

Compared with placebo, hormone therapy:

• did not reduce the risk of death overall or death due to cardiovascular causes; and
• increased risk of stroke, clots in the legs or arms (venous thromboembolism), and clots in the lungs (pulmonary embolism).

Postmenopausal women with previous cardiovascular disease

Compared with placebo, hormone therapy:

• did not reduce the risk of death overall, death due to cardiovascular causes, or stroke; and
• increased risk of clots in the arms or legs and clots in the lungs.

Conclusion

In postmenopausal women with or without cardiovascular disease, hormone therapy does not reduce risk of death and increases risk of cardiovascular events.

Hormone therapy vs placebo in postmenopausal women

*Although the rates for the 2 groups look a little different, the differences were not statistically significant. This means that the differences could simply be due to chance rather than due to the different treatments.